Microneedles: Characteristics, Materials, Production Methods and Commercial Development

Microneedles: quick and easy delivery methods of vaccines

Vaccination is the most efficient method for infectious disease prevention. Parenteral injections such as intramuscular, intradermal, and subcutaneous injections have several advantages in vaccine delivery, but there are many drawbacks. Thus, the development of a new vaccine delivery system has long been required. Recently, microneedles have been attracting attention as new vaccination tools. M...

Surface Characteristics and Biofilm Development on Selected Dental Ceramic Materials

BACKGROUND Intraoral adjustment and polishing of dental ceramics often affect their surface characteristics, promoting increased roughness and consequent biofilm growth. This study correlated surface roughness to biofilm development with four commercially available ceramic materials. METHODS Four ceramic materials (Vita Enamic®, Lava™ Ultimate, Vitablocs Mark II, and Wieland Reflex®) were pre...

development of different optical methods for determination of glucose using cadmium telluride quantum dots and silver nanoparticles

a simple, rapid and low-cost scanner spectroscopy method for the glucose determination by utilizing glucose oxidase and cdte/tga quantum dots as chromoionophore has been described. the detection was based on the combination of the glucose enzymatic reaction and the quenching effect of h2o2 on the cdte quantum dots (qds) photoluminescence.in this study glucose was determined by utilizing glucose...

Development in materials and readout methods for cantilever-based sensing

Development productivity for commercial software using object-oriented methods

Object-oriented software development is widely believed to improve programmer productivity, however, surprisingly little evidence of this has been published. This paper presents an initial analysis of the productivity measured for 19 software products developed at IBM Programming Laboratories. Half of the products were developed using object-oriented methods, while the other half were developed...